C

An outcome of major clinical importance that is defined on the basis of the disease being studied (e.g. fracture in osteoporosis, relapse rates).

A conclusion that an intervention has an effect that is of practical meaning to patients and health care providers. Effects identified as statistically significant are not always clinically significant, because the effect is small or the outcome is not important.

A carefully controlled and monitored research study on human subjects or patients evaluating one or more health interventions.  Each trial is designed to answer specific scientific questions.

The ability of one treatment, relative to another, to demonstrate clinical effectiveness

the alternative to which the intervention is compared

the value of opportunity forgone as a result of engaging resources in an activity

An economic evaluation comparing alternative interventions in which costs and outcomes are quantified using the same monetary units

An economic evaluation in which the components of costs and consequences (health outcomes, adverse effects etc.) are measured and presented in their natural units, without any attempt to aggregate the outputs

An economic evaluation comparing the costs of different interventions that are assumed to produce equivalent benefits

A determination of the economic impact of a disease or health condition, including treatment costs.

A measure used in cost-utility-analysis, expressed as monetary cost per unit of outcome

An economic evaluation in which costs are measured in monetary units and outcomes are measured in terms of their utility e.g. using the quality adjusted life year (QALY).

A technology is considered cost effective for a specified indication if the incremental benefits of the technology versus its comparator justify its incremental costs and harms; value for money

Graphical representation of the probability that an intervention is cost-effective at various willingness-to-pay thresholds

The CEAF plots the strategy with the highest expected cost-effectiveness (expected Net Monetary Benefit) as a function of the cost-effectiveness threshold

An economic evaluation in which costs are measured in monetary units and outcomes are measured in nonmonetary units related to health e.g. as life years gained or clinical events avoided

Graph plotting the difference in effect between the technology of interest and the comparator on the horizontal axis, and difference in costs on the vertical access.

The process of assessing and interpreting evidence by systematically considering its validity, results and relevance.