a framework for bringing together different types of data from a range of sources to describe the patient pathway and the choices and consequences for the interventions under study. Modelling may be used to combine different data sets changing the information collected from a clinical trial into a form that can be used, to extrapolate short-term clinical data to longer term, to link intermediate with final endpoints, to generalise from clinical trial settings to routine practice and to estimate the relative effectiveness of technologies where these have not been directly compared in clinical trials